AP European History ~ Humanist Essay
Oct. 12th, 2003 04:50 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
remulaYep, just finished it! *happy* But I don't think it answered the question though. *sweatdrop* Oh well... whatever, I don't care. -_-
Question: Describe the outcome of humanist learning in the sixteenth century.
Many humanists changed the sixteenth century, spreading the fact that the Catholic Church was not being true to the Bible. The church sold offices within the church to people who paid the most and many ignored their spiritual duties. These humanists did not support the teachings of the church and some decided to made their own. Two of them were Martin Luther and Jean Calvin. Other humanists of this time were John Knox and Ulrich Zwingli. Their principles changed many people's belief in the Roman Catholic Church.
One of the major humanists in the sixteenth century was Martin Luther. Luther took interest in religion at a very young age. He studied the Old and New Testaments closely and believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in the church. He believed that the Catholic Church was corrupt in selling indulgences as it did not follow the teachings of the Bible. On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed up his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg. The Theses were spread with the use of Gutenburg's printing press, leading Luther's ideas to gain a large following. Luther began his own church to counter Catholicism, later known as the Lutheranism. Luther also translated the Bible into German, making it more accessible to the common people. Before, the Bible was only printed in Latin, making it so only priests and intellects could read it. Luther believed that everyone should have the opportunity to read the Bible as to interpret it as they believed right.
Jean (John) Calvin was another humanist of the sixteenth century. Calvin was born on July 10, 1509 in Noyon, Picardy, France. In 1523, he went to the University of Paris to be educated to become a priest. Later, he decided he should be a lawyer, so from 1528 to 1531, he went to Orleans and Bourges to study law. During those years, he was also exposed to the Renaissance humanism. In 1532, Calvin finished his law studies and published his first book, a commentary on De Clementia by Seneca, a Roman philosopher. In 1535, Calvin wrote the first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion. By 1536, Calvin had separated himself from the Roman Catholic Church, deciding to leave France and move to Strasbourg. Just as he was leaving, a war had broke out between Francis I and Charles V, so Calvin went to Geneva instead. In Geneva, he became a very popular lecturer and preacher, but in 1538, was asked to leave because of his theological beliefs caused many conflicts. In 1541, Geneva realized they were wrong and invited Calvin back. Calvin felt he had an obligation, so he went back even though he did not want to. He remained there until his death on May 27, 1564.
John Knox was a great Protestant reformer of Scotland. He was the one responsible for bringing Calvinism to Scotland. Like many Protestant reformers, Knox began as a Catholic priest. He was attracted to the Lutheran teachings of Scottish reformer George Wishart. In 1546, he was appalled that the Catholic cardinal had Wishart burned at the stake as a heretic and joined the group of rebels who wanted to overthrow the Catholic Church in Scotland. This made him an enemy of the French party that ruled Scotland. In 1547, the French party arrested the protestants including Knox. Later on he was released when King Edward VI bailed him out. He lead Knox to England to be a Protestant pastor and a chaplain to the king. In 1553, King Edward VI died, and Catholic Mary Tudor, also known as Bloody Mary, came to power. As soon as that happened, Knox left and ended up in Geneva where he met a John Calvin. He admired Calvin and followed his beliefs and teachings. He became a major voice not only to Geneva, but also to Protestants back in Scotland. In 1555, he went back to Scotland, but only for a short while. Then, after he became a pastor of the English church in Geneva, he officially returned to Scotland to became a leader amongst the Protestants in 1559. In 1560, Mary of Guise died and the French Catholic went along with her. From that point on, Knox began to reshape the church. In 1572, Knox died from his labors.
Ulrich (Huldreich) Zwingli was a leader of the Swiss Reformation. He studied philosophy and humanistic subjects in Vienna, Bern, and Basel. He was influenced by humanism and in 1506, he became a priest in Glarus and served there for ten years. From 1513 to 1515, Zwingli served in the army with Glarus, where he realized he didn't like the French mercenary system. In 1516, he accepted a new post at Einsiedeln. During his stay there, he began to doubt the church practices. He read the Latin translation of the Greek New Testament published by Erasmus. Based on this and other scriptural readings, Zwingli declared in sermons that the church teachings and practices had diverged greatly from the Bible. On January 1, 1519, he was appointed priest at the Great Cathedral in Zurich. In the same year, Zwingli read for the first time, the writings of Martin Luther. Because of them, Zwingli persuaded the Zurich council to forbid all religious teachings without foundation in the Scriptures. In 1522, a group of his followers deliberately broke the rule and were arrested. Zwingli defended the lawbreakers and they were released with minor punishment. Pope Adrian VI was mad over Zwingli's behavior and asked the Zurich council to renounce him as a heretic. In January 1523, Zwingli appeared before the council to defend himself. After some deliberation, the council supported Zwingli by withdrawing the Zurich canton from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constance. In 1529, friends of Luther and Zwingli, concerned over the doctrinal and political differences between the two Protestant leaders, arranged a meeting between them. The conference failed to bring the two leaders back together. After Zwingli's death, the Reformation did not make anymore progress in Switzerland, leaving the country still half Catholic, half Protestant.
The Roman Catholic Church was corrupt, selling indulgences and offices in the church. They taxed the people to maintain their luxury and disregarded their duties. Many humanists did not believe in the Catholic Church, and took a stand against them. Some of these humanists were Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, John Knox, and Ulrich Zwingli. Each went against the church and their ideas changed religion forever.
~Remula
Question: Describe the outcome of humanist learning in the sixteenth century.
Many humanists changed the sixteenth century, spreading the fact that the Catholic Church was not being true to the Bible. The church sold offices within the church to people who paid the most and many ignored their spiritual duties. These humanists did not support the teachings of the church and some decided to made their own. Two of them were Martin Luther and Jean Calvin. Other humanists of this time were John Knox and Ulrich Zwingli. Their principles changed many people's belief in the Roman Catholic Church.
One of the major humanists in the sixteenth century was Martin Luther. Luther took interest in religion at a very young age. He studied the Old and New Testaments closely and believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in the church. He believed that the Catholic Church was corrupt in selling indulgences as it did not follow the teachings of the Bible. On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed up his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg. The Theses were spread with the use of Gutenburg's printing press, leading Luther's ideas to gain a large following. Luther began his own church to counter Catholicism, later known as the Lutheranism. Luther also translated the Bible into German, making it more accessible to the common people. Before, the Bible was only printed in Latin, making it so only priests and intellects could read it. Luther believed that everyone should have the opportunity to read the Bible as to interpret it as they believed right.
Jean (John) Calvin was another humanist of the sixteenth century. Calvin was born on July 10, 1509 in Noyon, Picardy, France. In 1523, he went to the University of Paris to be educated to become a priest. Later, he decided he should be a lawyer, so from 1528 to 1531, he went to Orleans and Bourges to study law. During those years, he was also exposed to the Renaissance humanism. In 1532, Calvin finished his law studies and published his first book, a commentary on De Clementia by Seneca, a Roman philosopher. In 1535, Calvin wrote the first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion. By 1536, Calvin had separated himself from the Roman Catholic Church, deciding to leave France and move to Strasbourg. Just as he was leaving, a war had broke out between Francis I and Charles V, so Calvin went to Geneva instead. In Geneva, he became a very popular lecturer and preacher, but in 1538, was asked to leave because of his theological beliefs caused many conflicts. In 1541, Geneva realized they were wrong and invited Calvin back. Calvin felt he had an obligation, so he went back even though he did not want to. He remained there until his death on May 27, 1564.
John Knox was a great Protestant reformer of Scotland. He was the one responsible for bringing Calvinism to Scotland. Like many Protestant reformers, Knox began as a Catholic priest. He was attracted to the Lutheran teachings of Scottish reformer George Wishart. In 1546, he was appalled that the Catholic cardinal had Wishart burned at the stake as a heretic and joined the group of rebels who wanted to overthrow the Catholic Church in Scotland. This made him an enemy of the French party that ruled Scotland. In 1547, the French party arrested the protestants including Knox. Later on he was released when King Edward VI bailed him out. He lead Knox to England to be a Protestant pastor and a chaplain to the king. In 1553, King Edward VI died, and Catholic Mary Tudor, also known as Bloody Mary, came to power. As soon as that happened, Knox left and ended up in Geneva where he met a John Calvin. He admired Calvin and followed his beliefs and teachings. He became a major voice not only to Geneva, but also to Protestants back in Scotland. In 1555, he went back to Scotland, but only for a short while. Then, after he became a pastor of the English church in Geneva, he officially returned to Scotland to became a leader amongst the Protestants in 1559. In 1560, Mary of Guise died and the French Catholic went along with her. From that point on, Knox began to reshape the church. In 1572, Knox died from his labors.
Ulrich (Huldreich) Zwingli was a leader of the Swiss Reformation. He studied philosophy and humanistic subjects in Vienna, Bern, and Basel. He was influenced by humanism and in 1506, he became a priest in Glarus and served there for ten years. From 1513 to 1515, Zwingli served in the army with Glarus, where he realized he didn't like the French mercenary system. In 1516, he accepted a new post at Einsiedeln. During his stay there, he began to doubt the church practices. He read the Latin translation of the Greek New Testament published by Erasmus. Based on this and other scriptural readings, Zwingli declared in sermons that the church teachings and practices had diverged greatly from the Bible. On January 1, 1519, he was appointed priest at the Great Cathedral in Zurich. In the same year, Zwingli read for the first time, the writings of Martin Luther. Because of them, Zwingli persuaded the Zurich council to forbid all religious teachings without foundation in the Scriptures. In 1522, a group of his followers deliberately broke the rule and were arrested. Zwingli defended the lawbreakers and they were released with minor punishment. Pope Adrian VI was mad over Zwingli's behavior and asked the Zurich council to renounce him as a heretic. In January 1523, Zwingli appeared before the council to defend himself. After some deliberation, the council supported Zwingli by withdrawing the Zurich canton from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constance. In 1529, friends of Luther and Zwingli, concerned over the doctrinal and political differences between the two Protestant leaders, arranged a meeting between them. The conference failed to bring the two leaders back together. After Zwingli's death, the Reformation did not make anymore progress in Switzerland, leaving the country still half Catholic, half Protestant.
The Roman Catholic Church was corrupt, selling indulgences and offices in the church. They taxed the people to maintain their luxury and disregarded their duties. Many humanists did not believe in the Catholic Church, and took a stand against them. Some of these humanists were Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, John Knox, and Ulrich Zwingli. Each went against the church and their ideas changed religion forever.
~Remula
